منابع مشابه
Evolution of Vertebrate Immunity
All multicellular organisms protect themselves against pathogens using sophisticated immune defenses. Functionally interconnected humoral and cellular facilities maintain immune homeostasis in the absence of overt infection and regulate the initiation and termination of immune responses directed against pathogens. Immune responses of invertebrates, such as flies, are innate and usually stereoty...
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The vertebrate hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA; or interrenal) axis plays pivotal roles in animal development and in physiological and behavioral adaptation to environmental change. The HPA, or stress axis, is organized in a hierarchical manner, with feedback operating at several points along the axis. Recent findings suggest that the proteins, gene structures, and signaling pathways of the...
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The skeleton of the neck and shoulders has undergone alterations during evolution, but muscle connectivity has not. A recent study suggests this is a result of neural crest cells defining attachment points and thus muscle connectivity.
متن کاملEvolution of vertebrate colour vision.
Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in learning how colour vision has evolved. This trend has been fuelled by an enhanced understanding of the nature and extent of colour vision among contemporary species, by a deeper understanding of the paleontological record and by the application of new tools from molecular biology. This review provides an assessment of the progress in understand...
متن کاملEvolution of vertebrate retinal photoreception
Recent findings shed light on the steps underlying the evolution of vertebrate photoreceptors and retina. Vertebrate ciliary photoreceptors are not as wholly distinct from invertebrate rhabdomeric photoreceptors as is sometimes thought. Recent information on the phylogenies of ciliary and rhabdomeric opsins has helped in constructing the likely routes followed during evolution. Clues to the fac...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: General and Comparative Endocrinology
سال: 1981
ISSN: 0016-6480
DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(81)90305-1